This Special Issue of Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering contains ten selected papers presented at the Neural Coding 2012 workshop. Neuroscience is traditionally very close to mathematics which stems from the famous theoretical work of McCulloch--Pitts and Hodgkin--Huxley in the middle of the previous century. Great progress has been made since those times and through the decades this fruitful combination of disciplines continue. The workshop was held in the beautiful town of Prague in the Czech Republic, September 2-7, 2012. This was the 10th of a series of international workshops on this subject, the first one also held in Prague (1995), then in Versailles (1997), Osaka (1999), Plymouth (2001), Aulla (2003), Marburg (2005), Montevideo (2007), Tainan (2009), and in Limassol (2010). As in the previous workshops, this was a single track multidisciplinary event bringing together experimental and computational neuroscientists with ample time for informal discussions in a convivial atmosphere. The Neural Coding Workshops are traditionally biennial symposia each lasting 5 or 6 days. They are relatively small in size, interdisciplinary with major emphasis on the search for common principles in neural coding. The workshop was conceived to bring together scientists from different disciplines for an in-depth discussion of model-building and computational strategies.